ABSTRACT
Aims: The study aimed to analyze the changes in mental health and social support in patients with cerebral infarction during the recovery period at the early stage of coronavirus disease pandemic. Subjects and Methods: During January-March 2020, 98 patients with cerebral infarction during the recovery period were selected from Wuhan city. Among them, 42 patients were living alone (called the solitary group) and 56 patients lived with their spouses (called the spouse group). The Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) were used to evaluate anxiety and depression, respectively, and Multi-Dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), social support for patients. Statistical Analysis Used: The statistical calculations were carried out using GraphPad Prism 5.01 software (GraphPad, San Diego, California, USA). Results: At the early stage of the pandemic, patients with cerebral infarction in the solitary group and the spouse group experienced varying degrees of anxiety and depression. The SAS and SDS scores in the solitary group were significantly higher than those in the spouse group (P < 0.01). The subscale scores of MSPSS in the solitary group were lower than those in the spouse group (P < 0.01). Conclusions: It is necessary for medical staff to help the patients to overcome anxiety and depression and provide more social support to patients, especially for those patients living alone. © 2022 Heart and Mind ;Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow.
ABSTRACT
The recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in the human population has caused a global pandemic. The virus encodes two proteases, Mpro and PLpro, that are thought to play key roles in the suppression of host protein synthesis and immune response evasion during infection. To identify the specific host cell substrates of these proteases, active recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and PLpro were added to A549 and Jurkat human cell lysates, and subtiligase-mediated N-terminomics was used to capture and enrich protease substrate fragments. The precise location of each cleavage site was identified using mass spectrometry. Here, we report the identification of over 200 human host proteins that are potential substrates for SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and PLpro and provide a global mapping of proteolysis for these two viral proteases in vitro. Modulating proteolysis of these substrates will increase our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathobiology and COVID-19.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humans , SARS-CoV-2/metabolism , Peptide Synthases , Peptide Hydrolases/metabolismABSTRACT
From the end of 2019, an ongoing outbreak of a new type of unexplained pneumonia caused by a novel coro- navirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in Wuhan, China. Since then, it has spread to most parts of China and worldwide, thus affecting the health of individuals worldwide. Until August 2020, >25 million cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection had been confirmed worldwide, causing >800,000 deaths. This disease was named by the World Health Organization as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Similar to SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, which are also caused by coronavirus infections, COVID-19 mainly causes severe respiratory system damage;however, it also causes damage to multiple organs, including the gastrointestinal tract, the cardiovascular system and the nervous system. The main aim of the present review article was to summarize the current knowledge of COVID-19, such as the transmission process, diagnostic methods, pathological character- istics, potential pathogenic mechanisms and treatment measures. © 2021 Spandidos Publications. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Fangcang shelter hospitals – erected by installing medical equipment in large public venues – played an essential role during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Their isolation, interior density and patients' mutual exposure deviate from normal living conditions, necessitating the study on the adaptation, social organisation and emotional response of patients. For this purpose, we conducted spatial analysis, semi-structured interviews with patients and medical workers and social media mining. We found: (1) Patients were deprived of former identities and equalised upon hospitalisation, which formed the basis of later self-organised hierarchical social relationships. (2) Intimate spatial structures expedited relationship construction among neighbouring patients and facilitated community building by expanding the influence that the more active patients exerted on the passive ones. (3) These social situations generally helped alleviate patients' anxiety. Our study reveals the social and emotional ramifications of such emergency spaces on people, thus providing insight for pandemic response and other global emergencies. It also responds to the theory of ‘the production of space' and elucidate the theory of ‘total institutions' from a new perspective.
ABSTRACT
By the outbreak of Covid-19, we should focus more eyesight on the human immune system. Humoral immunity plays an important role in the immunologic mechanism. In this process, B cells and other immune cells cooperate each other to produce antibodies and eliminate antigens by series of interactions, activation, proliferation and differentiation. In this paper, we use the formal language Event-B to model the humoral immunity process on the development tool called Rodin. Humoral immunity process is abstract and has complexity in system design. Accidentally, the formal method is used to verify the correctness and consistency of the complex systems, which is an appropriate approach to model this immunity process by stepwise refinements and validation. We also present an instance to demonstrate the differences between the immunity responses after the invasion of influenza viruses and coronavirus respectively in the last refinement and validate it using proof obligations. Experimental results show that events in our model are all validated by the automatic certification tool on Rodin platform. © 2021, The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
ABSTRACT
The last two decades have witnessed two large-scale pandemics caused by coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). At the end of 2019, another novel coronavirus, designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), hit Wuhan, a city in the center of China, and subsequently spread rapidly to the whole world. Latest reports revealed that more than 800 thousand people in over 200 countries are involved in the epidemic disease by SARS-CoV-2. Due to the high mortality rate and the lack of optimum therapeutics, it is crucial to understand the biological characteristics of the virus and its possible pathogenesis to respond to the SARS-CoV-2. Rapid diagnostics and effective therapeutics are also important interventions for the management of infection control. However, the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 exerted tremendous challenges on its diagnostics and therapeutics. Therefore, there is an urgent need to summarize the existing research results to guide decision-making on the prioritization of resources for research and development. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics and therapeutics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).